Wednesday, 27 November 2019

Re-Sink the Titanic

Glen Slater Wrote
“Western man has no need of more superiority over nature, whether outside or inside. He has both in almost devilish perfection. What he lacks is conscious recognition of his inferiority to the nature around and within him. He must learn that he may not do exactly as he wills. If he does not learn this, his own nature will destroy him.”
 At the bottom of the sea, somewhere between the Old World and the New, a giant sleeps. It is a final, deathly. sleep, though not a peaceful one; the demise was too unexpected, the shock was too great, the consequences too much to integrate. Contrasting the image of her motionless bulk, the dreaming remains restless.
The Titanic, yet to find her place in the underworld, exists between worlds, waiting upon some gesture, remembrance, or ritual. The broken waters of a calm, clear night early 19th century still stir the imagination and wait upon soulful attendance. Between fact and fiction, history and myth, this once celebrated Titaness lingers. Our response to her cry has been fervent, but not very insightful.
We have searched for her broken body, pondered the circumstances of her demise, retold her story and that of those who anchored her fate. More recently we have mapped out her murky location, photographed her through a deep blue shroud, and irreverently removed her belongings. Still, Titanic sleeps uneasily, and we are a part of her restless dreaming.
The Titanic disaster of April 15, 1912 is singular among modern catastrophes for its hold on the collective psyche. As the largest steamship of her time, longer, taller, heavier than anything else afloat, a technological marvel without precedent, Titanic ferried the visions of a modern industrial age. As an icon of technological disaster, painfully checking the flight of this modern bearing, we turn to her story for historical perspective.
And as a messenger to a culture continuing to ignore nature's warnings, we still live within Titanic's wake. More than one hundred years after the event, books, documentaries, feature films, and even a Broadway musical bear witness to this unfinished dream. When the technology arrived, fascination with the disaster turned into literally dredging.
The exploration and museum plan made way for corporate-sponsored treasure hunts and salvage expeditions. Recently such exploits provided a spectacle for cruise ships which circled like sharks awaiting the arrival of each disemboweled section. But as superficial exploits increase and fascination turns to titillation, the disaster's unplumbed poignancy is only underscored.
Although the ship herself has plunged into the deep, we have not yet made the accompanying descent. Submarines make it down but our reflections on the tragedy do not. We have not soulfully remembered Titanic's broken body. The autopsy has not yet progressed to a funereal rite.
The dream has not been worked. Our cultural attachment to the disaster resembles an obsession with an open wound and has all the characteristics of an unrecognized cultural complex. We are compelled to get to the bottom of the literal reality, immersing ourselves in facts and theories; we want: to see, touch, unravel, control. But, at its core, we cannot loosen the intensity of the initial devastation.
Caught in a spell, chased by images, we are unable to assimilate the event's impact. With each revisit little seems to change. The story is the same one, we know it backwards, and yet it continues to hold something. The pull does not subside.
The event penetrates our vitals, but that which is vital consistently escapes. So, we keep searching for the one thing we have overlooked all along-the memory that has not surfaced, the missing piece of evidence, the things That might have gone differently. The combination of this obsessive-compulsive attachment and the failure to honor Titanic in her dying suggests that within our dreaming there is also haunting.
Here spectacle hides specter. Caught on the wrong level, our shallow remembering lays little to rest. The task this dreaming and haunting present is one of finding ears to listen and eyes to see; we need a fitting mode of perception. This is psyche's balm. When a traumatic experience rocks the soul, only the soul's forms and languages will be enough to digest the disturbance.
When caught in a dream, we must follow the ways of the dream; when haunted, we must turn to the underworld. Technological analysis, recounting of facts, and photographing evidence will not do. A psychological salvage must be undertaken. This salvage attempt will explore our obsession with history's most substantial maritime disaster through mythic forms.
The locating submerged fragments by following currents of, re configuring the story from a soul perspective. Such an attempt will anchor itself to those points where the Titanic corresponds to modern crises and pathologist. Making this dive into the depths, attending to this level of complexity, would, you believe, mitigate the compulsion to drag concrete fragments of twisted wreckage to the surface.
Witnessing the ship as she lies, locating her story within that of the modern era, its unconscious complexes and their archetypal roots, would forge an understanding that Titanic has a resting place. It is we who have not yet completed this voyage.
The Grip of a Titan
The gigantic ship and her story suggest a powerful but largely unrecognized my theme at work in the culture. When an eleven-ton section of Titanic's hull was nearing the surface, it broke loose and returned to the ocean floor. Here psyche exercises her own intentional: Opposing the great twentieth-century exploit of dragging everything into bright light, this event issues the decree that some things belong in the deep dark.
At the very least it suggests an invitation for deepening and reflection a need to take pause before action. But even the poesis of this moment and its invitation for introspection is avoided. Both the mechanical analysis of what went wrong and the counter-pole declaration that "the wreck is cursed" miss the boat.
Both the scientific-technological attitude and the New Age seductions of curse and karma prevent the psychological salvage. Although the fantasy of a curse may surely be taken as a sign of sacrilegious arrogance. Both the rational explanation and the metaphysical speculation remain unconsciously bound to the my theme-caught in the headlock of an unnamed archetypal presence.
A major site of insight recovery stares us in the face. The archetypal character of the tragic event is already there in the ship's name. As architects of hubris unmitigated pride and sacrilege the Titans, a race of giants, fought with and were defeated by the Olympian then banished to the underworld. The root meaning of "hubris" suggests a "running riot" over other cosmic principles.
The term "Titanic" refers originally to the temper of the war between the Titans and the Olympians. The Olympians, of course, portray the dominating forces of the cosmos, and personify the very organs of psychological life. Ever poised to displace this organic, the Titans sponsor the gigantism of the psyche-inflation, grandiosity, unchecked haste.
The myth recommends that identification with the Titanic tendency results in a heady power trip followed by certain descent. Olympus will not tolerate Titanism; Titans belong in the underworld. It is ironic that Titanic's sister ship was named the Olympic, and, despite an almost identical build, sailed steadily past her sibling's fate without infamy. When these ships were named, someone failed to take their mythology seriously.
The place of the Titan is in Tartaros, a dark prison beneath the sea, as far below the earth's surface as the sky is above. What's in a name? Indeed. These reflections on naming align with the events and atmosphere surrounding the giant ship herself. Hubris lived not only in title but in the ship's birth into the world and the attitudes which accompanied her maiden voyage.
It is well known that Titanic was declared "unsinkable" by elements of the press before she sailed, a claim desperately returned to by the White Star Line in New York once the reports of her distress were known. The claim was due to a special design dividing the bowels of the ship onto several watertight compartments. Yet, when the fateful moment arrived, this innovation was no obstacle for the perfectly positioned jaws of Poseidon, eager to correct the slight of an irreverent age.
The iceberg tore into the hull and soon the invading sea flowed over the top of the bulkhead dividers. A side-glance from the deep's protrusions and it was all but over. Several facts are spectacular in their fidelity to the mythopoesis of the tragedy. The Titanic's radio room received iceberg warnings several times from other ships. Most were ignored or were not communicated to the bridge.
On the bridge warnings were not observed. Due caution was never detected. True to her name, the Titanic steamed on at a speed, fueled by an unofficial attempt on the Atlantic crossing record. When she set out on her maiden voyage, her stopping capacity and turning ability had never been fully tested during sea-trials. The ship was unwieldy in its bulk and displacement dynamics.
She narrowly avoided collision leaving herb or when a smaller ship was sucked into her path. The Titanic carried lifeboats for roughly one-third of the passengers. Because there was a tendency to think of the ship herself as a life boat. Topping off this archetypal congruence a recent discovery suggests that Titanic's hull was constructed of extremely brittle, highly sulfurous steel.
This metallurgical matter provides an apt metaphor for the rigid mentality of the whole exercise. Let the alchemists muse upon the corrupting attributes of excess sulfur. The fate conspired around this combination of irresponsibility, virginal temptation, arrogance, and sheer poetic consistency. The sea was visited by an eerie calm that night so that the lookout did not have the foamy meeting of sea and iceberg to warn him.
There was no moonlight to offset the dark of the evening. And had the ship not attempted to maneuver at the last moment, the iceberg would not have punctured as many compartments; most likely she would not have sunk. When the stern rose high enough into the night, the ship's innards tore loose and roared towards the bow. Her back broke when she settled.
Survivors of Titanic’s
As if the Titaness had always known her fate, the ship was taken by the sea with barely a ripple. A few survivors simply stepped off her deck as she headed down. When the screams ceased, the lifeboats drifted into a deathly silence. The consistency of these themes is crystallized in a 1996 obituary of a Titanic passenger, Miss Eva Hart.
The obituary notes that seven of the eight passengers rescued at that time were then too young to remember the event. The remaining survivor no longer remembers". Thus, Miss Hart was the "last link of living memory" to the disaster. The article recognizes that no other shipwreck "claimed such a chilling grip on the popular imagination," and that this was "mainly because of a well-publicized exercise in hubris."
Nevertheless, it is the recounted words and actions of Miss Hart's mother that are most striking. The claim that the ship was unsinkable caused Miss Hart's 'mother such apprehension that even as they walked up the gangplank, her daughter later recalled, she renewed her warning that calling a ship unsinkable was "flying in the face of God." She was so convinced of impending doom, her daughter later maintained, that she slept during the day and stayed awake in her cabin at night fully dressed.
Eva Hart and her mother survived. Eva's father went down with the ship. This "last living memory" asks to be integrated into our understanding of the catastrophe. Eva Hart's mother perceived an overstepping of cosmic and psychological boundaries; she knew, intuitively, that something had been pushed beyond its limit. She expected a backlash. Such a sensibility, which keeps one eye on the invisible constants of life, is missing from our age.
The Titanic disaster carried within it the failed recognition of such invisible. Tragedy struck hard because, in identifying with Titanism, backs were turned on the Gods, the Furies, end the Fates. The Titanic may have been less prone to disaster were the atmosphere of hubris confined to the ship itself. We do, after all, get away with a great deal of "flying in the face of God." However, Titanic's hubris reached beyond itself and played too neatly into the hands of a cultural zeitgeist.
The doomed ship exemplified too perfectly the overly focused technological faith of a complete age. She carried many wealthy exemplars of a cultural revolution based on the philosophies of the Enlightenment, and, in the sometimes-impersonal world of archetypal justice, these high-flying industrial elite were prime candidates for corrective descent.
At that time, with declarations abounding of science being on the brink of unraveling all mysteries, nothing seemed to stand in the way of progress. No previous age had dispensed so efficiently with ties of religion and nature. But as rationalism was evicting soul',; inhabitants, one can hear the voices of dismissed gods inciting Poseidon's act of revenge. Since that time, we have lost a great deal of the mechanical uncertainty with which the universe was then regarded. Yet we are not so far from the underlying confidence and faith in our own devices. 
In looking back upon these events, we realize that a significant hubris is still afloat in the culture. When perceived psychologically, the Titanic confronts our present-day hubris and challenges the dominant Western cultural ethos of "where there's a will there's a way." Recognition of this theme is unnerving. It entails seeing through our fascination with disaster into our state of archetypal possession-our identification with the ways of the Titan. It involves an acknowledgment of our participation in a dream, a story with its own autonomous presence. 
It fosters a sense of this archetypal movement, placing us within the same tragedy now, today, knowing the way in which we are still aboard a sinking ship. This recognition uncertain that to forget these things is to sail blindly into a stream of catastrophes, unconsciously provoking recreations of the Titanic tragedy. A psychological perception of Titanic's murmuring compels a recognition of our Titan roots, an awareness of where our souls are stirred by the unfinished business and attitudes of our immediate ancestors. 
We thereby return our Titanic dreaming to the dream of the Titan. Then the grip of the giant is felt as an active myth-a myth that cradles our desire to plow across the surface of the world and simultaneously underscores the call of the depths below. Between Abandon and Binding: The Trouble with approaching the psychological impact of the Titanic via the Titan myth leads us to a more specific mythic narrative. Seeing into the grip of the Titanic story and its archetypal complexity suggests the palpable presence of Prometheus; the Titanic carried the imprint of this most celebrated Titan more than any other. 
Prometheus brings the gifts of ingenuity and invention, steals fire from Zeus, is bound to Caucasus and has his liver eaten by day and restored at night, cheats in sacrificial ritual, and is the divine patron of the human reach beyond the gods. This champion of human freedom and creativity deserves to be celebrated for freeing us from a kind of unconscious slavery to the gods. Yet this freedom comes at a cost. 
This Titan's foundation role in humanity's cosmic predicament is witnessed by Karl Kerenyi's subtitle to his work on Prometheus-"archetypal image of human existence." Bearing a name that means "forethought," Prometheus is present in any innovative design which furthers human intentions. He is thus enmeshed in the dominant cultural ethos of the 19th and 20th centuries-expanding consciousness, growing industry, technological breakthrough. Prometheus provides the impetus for scientific discovery and application in the modern world and is most present whenever these innovations begin to exhibit a godlike power. 
And so this particular Titan has also gotten us into some big trouble. Embracing this Titan we are called to remember the subtitle of Mary Shelley's Frankenstein: The Modem Prometheus and to locate the monster lurking in the shadow of the Enlightenment's brightness.The problem with our embrace of Promethean gifts and the freedoms of the enlightened age is that we split off the darker portion of this mythic narrative, namely the tortuous results of un-tethered innovation. 
We forget that Promethean abandon can lead to an incarnation of gigantism, which then calls forth a corresponding binding-a chaining to the laws of Zeus. Through this familial association, the unruly behavior of Prometheus' relatives endures and enters the world cloaked in the garb of progress. Blinded by the wonder of his creative gifts, this residue of Titanic ancestry easily escapes our perception. But it is losing sight of the Titan in Prometheus that we become most prone to hubristic excess and its results. 
Akin to the sinking of the unsinkable and the tragic demise of celebrated social figures, the myth of Prometheus is one of enantiodromia, of reversal, the assertion of opposites the revenge of gods whom we fail to recognize when we become enchanted with our own craftiness and power. Here we find out just how much we are tethered to an archetypal psyche. What sailed with Titanic on her maiden voyage were the Promethean dreams of a culture reveling in a perceived emancipation from "superstition" and in an unprecedented industrial reduction of nature to resource. 
It was through this mythic identification with one side of the Promethean narrative that a ticket on the Titanic became an invitation for catastrophic reversal. Today we are still poised on the edge of Promethean enantiodromia. And as we approach the 21st century, glued to the information superhighway, technology at our fingertips, our consciousness still identifies with this Promethean forward thinking while remaining largely unconscious of its Titanic background. 
There is a part of our psyche cruising unawares through dangerous waters, with unchecked speed and techno-faith, focused on the distant horizon of the New World, its back to the Old World. We are still on the deck of the Titanic. And under the belly of the ship, Poseidon and Tartaros await. Irreverent of the depths below with its gods and ancestors, this Titanic tendency accompanies us into post modernity. 
However, the relationship unravels when Prometheus cheats in a sacrificial ritual designed to stabilize god-human relations. In this act of cheating, his Titan ancestry shows through. Zeus consequently withholds the gift of fire, which Prometheus promptly steals. The guardian of human ingenuity is punished for his theft, eternally (or nearly so) bound to a cliff-face where an eagle from Zeus picks daily at his liver. The slighted sacrifice sets these events in motion. 
This narrative is imbued with insights into our Promethean heritage. Here human-divine tensions coil around a specific Zeus tolerates human innovation and power by only a marginal degree. At the core of this tension, defining turns and outcomes~ lies the ritual sacrifice. Sacrifice-making sacred, surrendering to the presence of a god, humbling oneself to the scheme of things-plays a pivotal role in a myth by determining the mood of archetypal forms which rise to meet the protagonist.
It was the distance from god(s) which provoked the disaster, and the movement nearer to the gods in this final, tragic, sacrificial scene. Embracing this very movement would not only be in accord with the dying perspective of the Titanic's passengers, it would also move our fixation on the process of autopsy to the remembrance of a funereal rite. "Nearer my God to Thee" is the soul's response to an event which demonstrated the separation of human endeavor and archetypal integrity. The Titanic's pieces need to be collected in the soul, not in the museum.

Friday, 15 November 2019

The Common iora

Cock: (a) In summer upper plumage, wings, and tail are black; lower parts bright yellow. There are two white bars in the wing. (b) In winter the black parts of the head and back are replaced by yellowish-green.
Hen: Upper parts, wings, and tail green; lower parts yellow. Two white bars in the wing. A little bird,” writes Eha, “like a tomtit, in black and yellow, followed by its mate in green and yellow, can be nothing else than the Iora.” Builds at the beginning of the hot weather a very neat and tiny cup-shaped nest.

Read More !!

  1. Belted Kingfisher (kingfishers)
  2. Ruddy Kingfisher ! A Perfect Photogenic Bird
  3. The Crested Kingfisher (Megaceryle lugubris)
  4. Marsh Wren Facts
  5. Difference Between Carolina Wren vs House Wren

The Indian White-eye, or Spectacle Bird

A greenish-yellow bird, with a bright yellow throat and a patch of yellow under the tail. The rest of the lower plumage is greyish white. The most noticeable feature of the bird is a ring of white feathers around the eye. Hence its popular name. White-eyes go about in large flocks; they feed largely on insects which they pick from off the leaves of trees.
Everyone utters unceasingly a cheeping note. At the nesting season, which is usually at the beginning of the hot weather, the cock sings a sweet little song. The nest is a beautiful little cup suspended from a forked branch. Two pale blue eggs are usually laid.

The Malabar Whistling Thrush, or Idle Schoolboy.

The Malabar Whistling Thrush, or Idle Schoolboy. A blackbird with large cobalt blue patches on the forehead and the wings. Small patches of the same hue occur on other parts of the body. It is usually occurring in the neighborhood of shaded streams. Its note is a striking whistle.

Sunday, 10 November 2019

Essential Components of Ecosystem Management

1.       Sustainability
Ecosystem management entails managing in such a way as to ensure that opportunities and resources for future generations are not diminished. Sustainability should not be evaluated based on the delivery of specific goods and services, but rather on the maintenance of the ecosystem structures and processes necessary to provide those goods and services.
2.       Goals
Ecosystem management requires clearly defined goals. These goals should not focus exclusively on individual commodities (e.g., board feet of timber,catch of fish, visitor days). They should be explicit in terms of desired future trajectories or behaviors for components and processes necessary for sustainability.
3.       Sound ecological Models and Understanding
Ecosystem management is founded on sound ecological principles, emphasizing the role of ecosystem structures and processes. It must be based on the best science and models currently available.
4.       Complexity and Connectedness
Ecosystem management recognizes that ecological connectedness processes are connectedness complex and interwoven and that this complexity and may confer the particular properties (e.g., stability, resistance, resilience) to the ecosystem.
5.       Recognition of dynamic of Ecosystems
Ecosystem management recognizes that environmental change and biological evolution is inherent properties ecosystems of ecosystems and that attempts to maintain particular "states," rather than ecological capacities, are futile over the long term in a changing environment.
6.       Context and Scale
Ecosystem management acknowledges that ecosystem processes operate over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales and that their behavior (including their response to human perturbations) at a given location is strongly influenced by the surrounding landscape or system and by the legacy of past events.
7.       Humans as Ecosystem Components
Ecosystem management acknowledges that humans are components of ecosystems, as well as the source of most significant challenges to sustainability. Humans who are a part of ecosystems will, of necessity, define the future of those ecosystems. Thus, ecosystem management applied alone, without consideration of social and economic systems (and their sustainability), is insufficient to ensure resource sustainability.
8.       Adaptability and Accountability
Ecosystem management recognizes that current models’ and paradigms of ecosystem structure and function are provisional and subject to change. Acknowledging limits to scientific understanding and adapting to new information as it becomes available are central to a successful ecosystem management.
Related Reading
  1. The Fearless Dam Climbing Alpine Ibex
  2. Pudu – The Smallest Deer in the World
  3. The Beautiful Red Fox (Foxes and Coyotes)

Friday, 8 November 2019

The Bumblebees - A Social Insects with a Single Queen

Most people do not realize that there were no honey bees in America when European settlers brought hives from Europe. These resourceful animals promptly managed to escape from domestication. Even in today’s vastly altered landscapes, they continue to do the yeomen’s share of pollination, especially when it comes to native plants. The honeybee, remarkable as it is, does not know how to pollinate tomato or eggplant flowers.

It does very poorly compare to native bees when pollinating many native plants, such as pumpkins, watermelons, blueberries, and cranberries. They are also varied in their lifestyles, the places they frequent, the nests they build, the flowers they visit, and their season of activity. They remain ignored or unknown by most of us. Yet, they provide an invaluable ecosystem service, pollination, to 80 percent of flowering plants.

A “wild patch” allows brambles, wild raspberries, foxgloves, and vetches to thrive, while rank grass can provide nest sites. Yellow Jacket wasps and bumblebees are very social to have an annual colony.  Overall, both, an overwintering queen emerge in the spring. She builds a nest, gathers pollen and nectar, and lays eggs.

The female workers hatch and work together to feed and care for the colony until fall when the colony dies out and a new queen emerges. She mates and hibernates until the following spring when the cycle begins anew. Bumblee bee name derives from the sound they made by their wings.


The remarkable arctic bumblebee, which lives within the Arctic Circle? The queens begin raising their first brood while there is still frost on the ground, sometimes spending hours shivering their flight muscles while pressed against their brood cells, covering and providing heat for her young. This physical activity and the heat it produced warm the waxen brood cells, speeding the development of their larvae.

Bumblebees (bumble-bee, or humble-bee) and a few other insects are warm-blooded animals. They can be powerhouses producing energy by rapidly flexing their flight muscles. When queens emerge in late winter to early spring, they spend long hours in their nests shivering to generate the heat to rear early broods.

This intense effort requires a lot of fuel, so they depend upon the early-flowering willows and maples to provide plentiful amounts of nectar. Finally, after taking care of her initial brood, the queen is relieved of her external foraging duties by her new daughters. The old queen never leaves the nest again.

There are more than 50 species bumblebees are found in North America. However, they are a group of about 250 species, now placed in a single genus, Bombus although; many human beings are familiar with bumblebees. Therefore, they’re large, furry, and typically black with stripes of yellow, white, or even bright orange.

Bumblebees have some things in common with honey bees. They are friendlier than most other native bees, forming colonies with one queen and several workers. However, bumblebee colonies are not big or as long-lived as those of honey bees.

Bumblebees are ground nesters with most making their nests in an underground cavity created by small animals. The cavities they need for their nests are larger than those of solitary bees, so the first thing that a young queen does in the spring is to find an abandoned mouse nest or a similar burrow. Then she starts preparing it for her brood.

She builds a few wax cells that she fills up with pollen and honey. Once provisioned the queen lays her eggs, laying no more than half a dozen at first.

These eldest offspring are all sterile female workers. Once this brood is fully grown, the queen rarely leaves the nest again and spends all her time laying more eggs while the workers take care of all the activities in and out of the nest. A female Morrison's bumblebee (Bombus morrisoni) is from tine western states.

The colony grows rapidly, and it can reach a population of a few hundred workers. The workers are usually smaller than the queen. It is after her first brood emerges that you will occasionally see large bumble bees foraging. Near the end of the summer, the queen lays male eggs in addition to female ones. The females born at this time become queens, not sterile workers, and they soon mate with the males after emerging from the nest.

All workers, male bumblebees, and the old queen die at the end of summer. The only survivors are the new queens, which have already mated. They find a secluded hideaway to spend the winter and go to sleep (a type of insect hibernation known as diapause). Then as winter gives way to spring and the willows begin to flower, the queens emerge, and each will find a new colony.

Bumblebees and honeybees both have pollen baskets, called corbiculae, on their hind legs. Hence, they’re more specialized than the pollen baskets of other bees, which are often called scopae. In honey bees and bumblebees, the tibia segment of the hind leg is flattened, with rows of long, strong hairs along the edges.

The shape of these baskets allows them to pack pollen, mixed with some nectar and saliva, into a tight mass called a corbicular pellet rather than the loose dusting of pollen grains clinging to the hairs of the scopae of other bee species. Bumblebees are so effective at pollinating tomatoes that their buzz pollination services are put to good use in large greenhouses that grow tomatoes year-round.

All that is needed is a queen, a box for the nest, and a supply of sugar water because tomatoes produce abundant pollen but no nectar. The bumblebees are free to come and go but remain inside the greenhouse most of the time. Bumblebees and their pollination services are a key component in agriculture.

They are important pollinators of some clovers, a forage crop for cattle. Bumblebees use buzz pollination when pollinating tomato flowers. Other flowering plants that require buzz pollination include cranberries and blueberries, eggplants, and other plant species in the family Solanaceae.

If you want to attract bumble bee then the following plants may help you a lot.

Spring and Early Summer
Winter heath, flowering currant, willow, lungwort, Pieris, gean (wild cherry), rhododendron, sycamore, maple leaf, yellow orchangel, bugle, perennial cornflower, bistort, broom.

Summer
Raspberry, bramble, wild rose, thyme, sage, marjoram, lavender, catmint, purple loosestrife, clovers, vetches, broad bean, foxglove, stonecrop, honeysuckle, buddleia, thistles, scabious, chives, columbine,

Late Summer and Autumn
Borage, ice-plant, woundwart, monk’s-hood, snowberry, bistort, tutsan,


Tuesday, 29 October 2019

Where Did Plants Come From?


According to the theories of science, there was a time when there were no plants on earth. Then, hundreds of millions of years ago, tiny specks of protoplasm appeared on the earth. Protoplasm is the name for the living material that is found in both plants and animals. These original specks of protoplasm, according to this theory, were the beginnings of all our plants and animals.

The protoplasm specks that became plants developed thick walls and settled down to staying in one place. They also developed a kind of green coloring matter known as “chlorophyll”. This enabled them to make food from substances in the air, water and soil. These early green plants had only one cell, but they later formed groups of cells.

Since they had no protection against drying out, they had to stay in the water. Today, some descendants of these original plants still survive, though they have changed quite a bit. We call them “algae”. One group of plants developed that obtained their food without the use of chlorophyll. These non-green plants are the “fungi”.

Most of the plants on earth today evolved from the algae. Some of them came out of the sea and developed rootless which could anchor them in the soil. They also developed little leaves with an outer skin covering, as protection against drying. These plants became mosses and ferns.

All the earliest plants reproduced either by simple cell division or by means of spores. Spores are little dust like cells something like seeds, but containing no stored food in them as seeds do. As time went on, some of these plants developed flowers that produced true seeds.

Two different types of plants with seeds appeared those with naked seeds and those with protected seeds. Each of these two types later developed along many different lines.
Where Did Plants Come From?


What is Botany?

Because in early times the study of plant life dealt mainly with plants as food. It became known as botany, from a Greek word meaning “herb”. The first people to specialize in the study of botany were primitive medicine men and witch doctors. They had to know the plants that could kill or cure people. And botany was closely linked with medicine for hundreds of years.

In the sixteenth century, people started to observe plants and write books about their observations. These writers were the father of modern botany. In the nineteenth century, the work of an English scientist, Charles Darwin, helped botanists gain a better understanding of how plants as well as animals, evolved from simpler ancestors. His work led botanists to set up special branches of botany.

One of these branches is “plant anatomy”, which has to do with the structure of plants and how they might be related. Experiments on plant heredity were performed to find out how various species came to be and how they could be improved. This study is called “genetics”.

“Ecology”, another branch of botany, deals with studies of the distribution of plants throughout the world, to find out why certain species grow in certain places. “Palebotany”, is another branch, works out plant evolution from the evidence of fossil remains.

Other branches of botany include “plant physiology”, which studies the way plants breather and make food, and “plant pathology”, which is concerned with the study of plant diseases. 
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Monday, 14 October 2019

The Median Isn't the Message by Stephen Jay Gould


My life has recently intersected, in a most personal way, two of Mark Twain's famous quips. One I shall defer to the end of this essay. The other (sometimes attributed to Disraeli), identifies Three species of mendacity, each worse than the one before - lies, lies, and statistics.
Consider the standard example of stretching the truth with numbers - a case quite relevant to my story. Statistics recognizes different measures of an "average," or central tendency. The mean is our usual concept of an overall average - add up the items and divide them by the number of shares (100 candy bars collected for five kids next Halloween will yield 20 for each in a just world).
The median, a different measure of central tendency, is the half-way point. If I line up five kids by height, the median child is shorter than two and taller than the other two (who might have trouble getting their mean share of the candy). A politician in power might say with pride, "The mean income of our citizens is $15,000 per year."
The leader of the opposition might retort, "But half our citizens make less than $10,000 per year." Both are right, but neither cites a statistic with impassive objectivity. The first invokes a mean, the second a median. (Means are higher than medians in such cases because one millionaire may outweigh hundreds of poor people in setting a mean; but he can balance only one mendicant in calculating a median).
The larger issue that creates a common distrust or contempt for statistics is more troubling. Many people make an unfortunate and invalid separation between heart and mind, or feeling and intellect. In some contemporary traditions, abetted by attitudes stereotypically centered on Southern California, feelings are exalted as more "real" and the only proper basis for action - if it feels good, do it - while intellect gets short shrift as a hang-up of outmoded elitism. Statistics, in this absurd dichotomy, often become the symbol of the enemy.
As Hilaire Belloc wrote, "Statistics are the triumph of the quantitative method, and the quantitative method is the victory of sterility and death." This is a personal story of statistics, properly interpreted, as profoundly nurturing and life-giving.
It declares holy war on the downgrading of intellect by telling a small story about the utility of dry, academic knowledge about science. Heart and head are focal points of one body, one personality. In July 1982, I learned that I was suffering from abdominal mesothelioma, a rare and serious
cancer usually associated with exposure to asbestos. When I revived after surgery, I asked my first question of my doctor and chemotherapist: "What is the best technical literature about mesothelioma?" She replied, with a touch of diplomacy (the only departure she has ever made from direct frankness), that the medical literature contained nothing really worth reading.
Of course, trying to keep an intellectual away from literature works about as well as recommending chastity to Homo sapiens, the sexiest primate of all. As soon as I could walk, I made a beeline for Harvard's Count Way medical library and punched mesothelioma into the computer's bibliographic search program. An hour later, surrounded by the latest literature on abdominal
Mesothelioma, I realized with a gulp why my doctor had offered that humane advice. The literature couldn't have been more brutally clear: mesothelioma is incurable, with a median mortality of only eight months after discovery. I sat stunned for about fifteen minutes, then smiled and said to myself: so that's why they didn't give me anything to read. Then my mind started to work again, thank goodness.
If a little learning could ever be a dangerous thing, I had encountered a classic example. Attitude clearly matters in fighting cancer. We don't know why (from my old-style materialistic perspective, I suspect that mental states feed back upon the immune system). But match people with the same cancer for age, class, health, socioeconomic status, and, in general, those with
Positive attitudes, with a strong will and purpose for living, with commitment to struggle, with an active response to aiding their own treatment and not just a passive acceptance of anything doctors say, tend to live longer. A few months later I asked Sir Peter Medawar, my personal scientific guru and a Nobelist in immunology, what the best prescription for success against cancer might be. "A sanguine personality," he replied. Fortunately (since one can't reconstruct oneself at short notice and for a definite purpose), I am, if anything, even-tempered and confident in just this manner.
Hence the dilemma for humane doctors: since attitude matters so critically, should such a somber conclusion be advertised, especially since few people have sufficient understanding of statistics to evaluate what the statements really mean? From years of experience with the small-scale evolution of Bahamian land snails treated quantitatively, I have developed this technical knowledge - and I am convinced that it played a major role in saving my life. Knowledge is indeed power, in Bacon's proverb.
The problem may be briefly stated: What does "median mortality of eight months" signify in our vernacular? I suspect that most people, without training in statistics, would read such a statement as "I will probably be dead in eight months" - the very conclusion that must be avoided, since it isn't so, and since attitude matters so much.
I was not, of course, overjoyed, but I didn't read the statement in this vernacular way either. My technical training enjoined a different perspective on "eight months median mortality." The point is a subtle one, but profound - for it embodies the distinctive way of thinking in my own field of evolutionary biology and natural history. We still carry the historical baggage of a Platonic heritage that seeks sharp essences and definite boundaries.
(Thus we hope to find an unambiguous "beginning of life" or "definition of death," although nature often comes to us as irreducible continua.) This Platonic heritage, with its emphasis in clear distinctions and separated immutable entities, leads us to view statistical measures of central tendency wrongly, indeed opposite to the appropriate interpretation in our actual world of variation, shadings, and continua.
In short, we view means and medians as the hard "realities," and the variation that permits their calculation as a set of transient and imperfect measurements of this hidden essence. If the median is the reality and variation around the median just a device for its calculation, the "I will probably be dead in eight months" may pass as a reasonable interpretation. But all evolutionary biologists know that variation itself is nature's only irreducible essence. Variation is the hard reality, not a set of imperfect measures for a central tendency. Means and medians are the abstractions.
Therefore, I looked at the mesothelioma statistics quite differently - and not only because I am is an optimist who tends to see the doughnut instead of the hole, but primarily because I know that variation itself the reality. I had to place myself amidst the variation. When I learned about the eight-month median, my first intellectual reaction was: fine, half the people will live longer; now what are my chances of being in that half. I read for a furious and nervous hour and concluded, with relief.
I possessed every one of the characteristics conferring a probability of longer life: I was young; my disease had been recognized in a relatively early stage; I would receive the nation's best medical treatment; I had the world to live for; I knew how to read the data properly and not despair. Another technical point then added even more solace.
I immediately recognized that the distribution of variation about the eight-month median would almost surely be what statisticians call "right skewed." (In a symmetrical distribution, the profile of variation to the left of the central tendency is a mirror image of variation to the right. In skewed distributions, variation to one side of the central tendency is more stretched out - left skewed if extended to the left, right skewed if stretched out to the right.) The distribution of variation had to be right skewed, I reasoned.
After all, the left of the distribution contains an irrevocable lower boundary of zero (since mesothelioma can only be identified at death or before). Thus, there isn't much room for the distribution's lower (or left) half - it must be scrunched up between zero and eight months.
But the upper (or right) half can extend out for years and years, even if nobody ultimately survives. The distribution must be right skewed, and I needed to know how long the extended tail ran - for I had already concluded that my favorable profile made me a good candidate for that part of the curve.
The distribution was indeed, strongly right skewed, with a long tail (however small) that extended for several years above the eight month median. I saw no reason why I shouldn't be in that small tail and I breathed a very long sigh of relief. My technical knowledge had helped. I had read the graph correctly. I had asked the right question and found the answers.
I had obtained, in all probability, the most precious of all possible gifts in the circumstances - substantial time. I didn't have to stop and immediately follow Isaiah's injunction to Hezekiah - set thine house in order for thou shalt die, and not live. I would have time to think, to plan, and to fight. One final point about statistical distributions is.
They apply only to a prescribed set of circumstances - in this case to survival with mesothelioma under conventional modes of treatment. If circumstances change, the distribution may alter. I was placed on an experimental protocol of treatment and, if fortune holds, will be in the first cohort of a new distribution with high median and a right tail extending to death by natural causes at advanced old age.
It has become, in my view, a bit too trendy to regard the acceptance of death as something tantamount to intrinsic dignity. Of course I agree with the preacher of Ecclesiastes that there is a time to love and a time to die - and when my skein runs out I hope to face the end calmly and in my own way. For most situations, however, I prefer the more martial view that death is the ultimate enemy - and I find nothing reproachable in those who rage mightily against the dying of the light.
The swords of battle are numerous, and none more effective than humor. My death was announced at a meeting of my colleagues in Scotland, and I almost experienced the delicious Pleasure of reading my obituary penned by one of my best friends (the so-and-so got suspicious and checked; he too is a statistician, and didn't expect to find me so far out on the right tail). Still, the incident provided my first good laugh after the diagnosis. Just think I almost got to repeat Mark Twain's most famous line of all: the reports of my death are greatly exaggerated.

Sunday, 18 August 2019

The Pied Myna

The pied myna or Asian pied starling (Gracupica contra) is a species of starling found in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. They are usually found in small groups mainly on the plains and low foothills. They are often seen within cities and villages although they are not as bold as the common myna. They produce a range of calls made up of liquid notes. Several slight plumage variations exist in the populations and about five subspecies are named.

Sunday, 11 August 2019

Oregano Herbs


Although oregano is heavily associated with Italian cuisine it is likely that it originated in Greece. The word oregano comes from the Greek, meaning “joy of the mountain.” Ancient Greeks believed that cows that grazed on fields of oregano produced tastier meat. According to Aristotle, tortoises that swallowed a snake would immediately eat oregano to prevent death. Oregano is also believed to calm nerves and is use to cure sea sickness.
Description
This low bushy perennial of the mint family is native to the Mediterranean and has a warm sharp taste with lemon and pepper undertones. Oregano leaves are dark green with delicate hair-like texture underneath. Flowers range in color from pink to purple in the late summer and early falls.
Culinary Uses
Oregano has become an essential ingredient in many Italian dishes including pizza, pastas, and roasted vegetables. Oregano paired with basil are the basis for many Italian seasonings. It is also widely used in Greek and Mexican cooking. As the main herb flavoring in chili powder, oregano holds up well in a mix with other flavors.
The Greeks enjoy oregano in baked fish and it is the main flavoring in Greek salad. Try adding sprigs of oregano on the coals of a grill for a flavor infusion to whatever you are cooking on top. Oregano's rich flavor also deepens and melds flavors of soups and sauces without overwhelming the dish. Oregano can be used either fresh or dried. When using the fresh herb, use twice the amount as dried.
Other Uses
Infuse bathwater with oregano for a relaxing soak. Oregano is also used in potpourri and pillows.
Storing
Fresh oregano tightly sealed in a plastic bag will keep in the refrigerator for up to 2 weeks.

Saturday, 3 August 2019

The Magical Ushu Forest of Kalam


Usho is known for its beautiful cloudy and rainy forest. Tourist attraction Mahodand lake is located 27 kilometers (17 mi) from there. Ushu valley is at a distance of 8 kilometers (5.0 miles) from Kalam and 123 kilometers (76 miles) from Saidu Sharif city.

Saturday, 13 July 2019

The black drongo (Dicrurus macrocercus)

The black drongo (Dicrurus macrocercus) is a small Asian passerine bird of the drongo family Dicruridae. It is a common resident breeder in much of tropical southern Asia from southwest Iran through India and Sri Lanka east to southern China and Indonesia. It is an all black bird with a distinctive forked tail and measures 28 cm (11 in) in length. It feeds on insects, and is common in open agricultural areas and light forest throughout its range, perching conspicuously on a bare perch or along power or telephone lines. 
The species is known for its aggressive behaviour towards much larger birds, such as crows, never hesitating to dive-bomb any bird of prey that invades its territory. This behaviour earns it the informal name of king crow. Smaller birds often nest in the well-guarded vicinity of a nesting black drongo. Previously grouped along with the African fork-tailed drongo (Dicrurus adsimilis), the Asian forms are now treated as a separate species with several distinct populations. The black drongo has been introduced to some Pacific islands, where it has thrived and become abundant to the point of threatening and causing the extinction of native and endemic bird species there.